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Silanization of silicon and mica
Silanization of silicon and mica is the coating of these materials with a thin layer of self assembling units.
==Biological applications of silanization==
Nanoscale analysis of proteins using atomic force microscopy (AFM) requires surfaces with well-defined topologies and chemistries for many experimental techniques. Biomolecules, particularly proteins, can be immobilized simply on an unmodified substrate surface through hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions. However, several problems are associated with physical adsorption of proteins on surfaces. With metal surfaces, protein denaturation, unstable and reversible binding, nonspecific and random immobilization of protein have been reported.
One alternative involves the interaction of chemically modified surfaces with proteins under non-denaturing circumstances.〔 Chemical modification of surfaces provides the potential to precisely control the chemistry of the surface, and with the correct chemical modifications, there are several advantages to this approach. First, the proteins adsorbed on the surface are more stable over a wide range of conditions. The proteins also adopt a more uniform orientation on the surface. Additionally, the higher density of protein deposition with greater reproducibility is possible.
Chemical modification of surfaces has been successfully applied in several instances to immobilize proteins in order to obtain valuable information. For instance, atomic force microscopy imaging of DNA has been performed using mica coated with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The negatively charged DNA backbone bound strongly to the positive charges on the amine functionality, leading to stable structures that could be imaged both in air and in buffer.〔Crampton, N.; Bonass, W. A.; Kirkham, J.; Thomson, N. H. Formation of aminosilane-functionalized mica for atomic force microscopy imaging of DNA. Langmuir 2005, 21, 7884-7891.〕 In a recent study by Behrens et al., amine-terminated silicon surfaces were successfully used to immobilize bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) for medical purposes (cf. hydrogen-terminated silicon surface). 14 Molecules with amine groups (especially APTES) are important for biological applications, because they allow for simple electrostatic interactions with biomolecules.〔Aissaoui, N.; Bergaoui, L.; Landoulsi, J.; Lambert, J. -.; Boujday, S. Silane layers on silicon surfaces: Mechanism of interaction, stability, and influence on protein adsorption. Langmuir 2012, 28, 656-665.〕
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